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TDAlNTKir 

THE GRADES 



RANK HALSTEAD 



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COPyRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



Manual Training in the Grades 



BY 

FRANK HALSTEAD 

Supervisor ot Manual Training and Mechanical Drawing 
in the Schools of East Orange, N. J. 



D. C. HEATH & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO- 



Copyright, igis, by 

D. C. Heath & Company 

1I3 



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€)C).A354918 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 



The following courses in Manual Training for the 5th, 6th, 
7th and 8th grades were prepared after eight years of careful 
study, during which time the author visited over 250 cities 
and towns in the New England States, New York and New 
Jersey. 

The courses are arranged progressively and presented in as 
clear and simple a way as possible, — the drawings them- 
selves being self-explanatory. 

For the many teachers who are obliged to follow a required 
course, but who are allowed to introduce supplementary or 
optional models, as well as for those instructors who have 
more hberty and who are able to make such changes as they 



see fit, these courses will be found readily adaptable to any 
schedule already in use. 

The instructor's outlines have been included, as the author 
has found it most advantageous to give his assistants an 
outhne to work by. 

The author has provided four different models for each 
progressive step in the courses — that is, four models which 
illustrate the different tools under each principle, thus giving 
the pupil a wider choice where desirable, and the instructor 
who has to teach the same grade of pupils during an entire 
year most practical assistance. 

FRANK HALSTEAD. 
East Orange, N. J., September, 1913. 



MANUAL TRAINING IN THE GRADES 



GENERAL OUTLINE OF WORK 
Fifth Grade 



First Week — Model No. i. 
Theory {ten minutes). 

1. Object of hand work in wood. 

2. Tools used in making first exercise. 

3. Measuring, the use of the rule, knife, and pencil 

4. Use of the try-square. 

PRACTICE. 

Sawing out stock. 
note: Draw outHne on both surfaces. 

Second Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

1. Tools. 

(a) Smoothing plane. 

(b) Block plane. 

(c) Marking gauge. 
{d) Backsaw. 

(e) Bit and bit Tarace. 

2. Use of compass and dividers. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Planing a square edge of wood. 

2. Use of carpenters' marks. 

3. Drawing, gauging, and planing stock to dimen- 

sions. 



Third Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Use of coping saw. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Draw outline, using compass. 

2. Using coping saw, cut to line. 

FoxjRTH Week — Model No. i, {continued). 
THEORY {ten minutes). 

1. Discussion of grain of wood. 

2. Cutting with and across grain. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish sawing wood. 

2. Cut to line with knife. 

Fifth Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

1. Methods of securing and getting out lumber. 

2. Sandpaper; its uses and abuses. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper stock, with or without the use of a 

sandpaper block. 

2. Finish model. 

Glue on sandpaper. 



Sixth Week — Model No. 2. 


Tenth Week — Model No. 3. 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


1. Discussion of wood. 

Bass wood. Linden tree. 

2. Discussion of the ripsaw. 


Discussion of woods. 
Pines, white, etc. 

PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 


Saw out stock. 


Saw stock, using carpenter's square. 
Seventh Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of wood. 
White wood, tulip tree. 

PRACTICE. 

Plane model square and true to dimensions. 


Eleventh Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 
THEORY {ten minutes). 

1. Discussion of planes, smoothing and jack. 

2. Woods. White oak. 

PRACTICE. 

Square stock to dimensions. 


Eighth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of saws. 
Crosscut saw. 


Twelfth Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 
THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of drills and countersinks. 

PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 

. I. Draw outline of model 
2. Saw with back- and ripsaw to gauge and knife 


1. Lay out and mark center lines for holes. 

2. Drill holes and countersink. 

3. Draw hues for chamfer, using finger-gauge. 


line. 

Ninth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 


Thirteenth Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 
THEORY {ten minutes). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 

Short discussion of stains and shellacs. 


Discussion of planes. 
Block. 


PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 


1. Finish model. 

2. Sandpaper and shellac. 


1. Chamfer edges. 

2. Plane and sandpaper model. 



Fourteenth Week — Model No. 4. 


Eighteenth Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 


THEORY (tew mmutes). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


Discussion of woods. 


Structure of wood. 


Hard and soft. 


Pith. 


PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 


I. Saw out stock. 


Plane model square and true to dimensions. 


2. Plane to dimensions. 


Nineteenth Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 


Fifteenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


I. Structure of wood. 


Discussion of woods. 
Mahogany. 


Layer of wood. 
2. Use of miter bo.x. 


PRACTICE. 

1. Draw design, using compass. 

2. Cut to line with knife. 


PRACTICE. 

1. Draw outline of model. 

2. Cut edges. 


3. Whittle edges of blade. 


Twentieth Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 


Sixteenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 

Structure of wood. 
Products. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper model. 

2. Stain and finish. 


1. Structure of wood. 

Bark. 

2. Use of auger bit. 

PRACTICE. 

File curved corners. 

« 

Twenty-First Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 


Seventeenth Week — Model No. 5. 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Structure of wood. 


THEORY {ten minutes). 

Structure of wood. 
Annual rings. 

PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 


I. Lay out center lines. 


Saw out stock. 


2. Bore holes. 



Twenty-Second Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Structure of wood. 
Sap wood. 

PRACTICE. 

Sandpaper and finish model. 
Twenty-Third Week — Model No. 6. 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Structure of wood. 
Heart wood. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 

2. Sandpaper same. 

TwENTY-FoiTRTH Week — MoDEL No. 6, {continued). 
THEORY {teti minutes). 

1. Structure of wood. 

Medullary rays. 

2. Use of gouge. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Chamfer edges of wood. 

2. Gouge out hole for wax. 

Twenty-Fifth Week^ — Model No. 6, {continued). 

"HEORY {ten minutes.) 
Food for trees. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper model. 

2. Shellac model. 

3. Glue on asbestos and emery cloth. 



Twenty-Sixth Week — Model No. 7. 
THEORY {ten minutes). 

Density of wood. 

PRACTICE. 

Plane stock square and true to dimensions, 
using jack plane and spokeshave. 

Twenty-Seventh Week • — Model No. 7, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Growth of wood. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Draw ellipse on both surfaces. 

2. Using turning saw, saw outside of line. 

Twenty-Eighth Week — Model No. 7, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

1. Cutting of wood. 

2. Use of spokeshave. 

PR.4CTICE. 

1. Cut to line with spokeshave. 

2. Nail stock together. 

3. Round edges with spokeshave. 

Twenty-Ninth Week — Model No. 7, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

1. Moisture in wood. 

2. Air drying. 

3. Kiln drying. 

PRACTICE. 

Sandpaper and finish model. 



Thirtieth Week — Model No. 8. 

THEORY (ten minutes). 

Shrinkage in wood. 

PRACTICE. 

Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 
Thirty- First Week — ^ Model No. 8, {continued). 

THEORY 

Use of brads. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish planing slats. 

2. Draw outline of two legs, using knife and mark- 

ing gauge. 
3- Saw and cut to line with chisel. ' 

Thirty-Second Week- — Model No. 8, (continued). 

THEORY. 

Sizes of brads. 



PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper wood. 

2. Nail slats and legs together. 
3- Stain and finish. 

Thirty-Third Week — Model No. g. 

PRACTICE. 

Saw out stock. 
Thirty-Fourth Week — Model No. 9, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

Plane pieces to dimensions. 
Thirty-Fifth Week — Model No. 9, (continued). * 

PRACTICE. 

1. Saw bevel on back, round edge and smooth, 

using plane and spokeshave. 

2. Cut bevel on sides. 

3. Bevel front, and nail pieces together. 



First Week — Model No. i 

THEORY (ten minutes). 

Uses of bench hook. 
Why glued together. 

PR.4CTICE. 

Saw out stock for model. 



Sixth Grade 

Second Week — Model No. i, (continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Birches; sweet birch. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Square stock, plane two large pieces to dimen- 
sions. 

2. Bore holes for use of screws. 
In base piece and rest (upper and lower). 



ffflRD Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Birches; red birch. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish planing larger pieces for base. 

2. Glue together, using hand clamps. 

'OURTH Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Birches; white birch. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Plane and square two small pieces to dimen- 

sions. 

2. Lay out center lines for screws. 

■"iFTH Week ^ Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Pine; white. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Drill holes for screws. 

2. Countersink same. 

3. Screw on upper and lower arms. 

5IXTH Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Pine; red. 



PRACTICE. 



1. Bore hole for hanging purposes. 

2. Chamfer outside ends. 

3. Sandpaper model. 



Seventh Week — Model No. i, {continued.) 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Pines. 

PRACTICE 



1. Finish sandpapering model. 

2. Shellac model. 



Eighth Week — Model No. 2. 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Gum; sweet. 

PRACTICE. 



1. Saw out stock and plane square to dimensions. 

2. Draw outline of plan \'iew. 



Ninth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Gum; sour. 

PR.ACTICE. 

Saw outside at line using turning saw. 



10 



Tenth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

THEORY (ten nlinutes). 

Discussion of woods. 
Sycamore. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Cut with spokeshave to line. 

2. Draw outline at front elevation. 

Eleventh Week — Model No. 2, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Saw outside of line, using turning saw. 

2. Cut to line, using spokeshave. 

Twelfth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Round edges, using spokeshave. 

2. Sandpaper model. 

3. Screw in hook. 

4. Shellac. 

Thirteenth W'eek — Model No. 3. 

PRACTICE. 

Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 

Fourteenth Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Draw outline, using knife and gauge lines for 

corners. 

2. Saw out corners, using hacksaw. 

3. Cut with chisel. 

4. File to lines. 



Fifteenth Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Bore hole with expansion bit. 

2. Smooth model, using plane, file, and sandpaper. 

Sixteenth Week — Model No. 4. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Saw out stock. 

2. Plane stock for sides square and true to dimen- 

sions. 

Seventeenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

I. Plane stock for ends square and true to dimen- 
sions. 
> 2. Draw outline of handle. 

Eighteenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Rotten stone. 
How obtained, used, etc. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Cut handle to dimensions. 

2. Sandpaper sides, ends, and handle. 

3. Nail together. 

Nineteenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Fit bottom to box. 

2. Nail on sides. Shellac and polish same. 

3. Set nails with nail set. 



'w'ENTiETH Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper model. 

2. Stain, shellac and polish. 

'wENXY-FiRST Week — Model No. ^. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Saw out stock for model. 

2. Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 

\venty-Second Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 
THEORY {ten minutes). 
Dowel joints. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Joint stock. 

2. Fit together, using dowels. 

"wENTY-THrRD Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish jointing stock. 

2. Glue together, using iron clamps. 

\vENTY- Fourth Week ■ — ^ Model No. 5, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Draw curves cut to outside of line. 

2. Cut to line using spokeshave. 

3. Round edges. 

4. Sandpaper. 

^vENTY-FrFTH Week — Model No. 6. 

PRACTICE. 

Saw out stock for model. 



Twenty-Sixth Week — Model No. 6, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 
Twenty-Seventh Week — Model No. 6, {contimied). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Plane stock for roller. 

(a) Plane stock square. 
(6) Plane stock octagonal, 
(c) Plane off edges. 

2. Scrape and sandpaper. 

Twenty-Eighth Week — Model No. 6, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Draw outline for ends. 

2. Cut outside of lines. 

3. Cut slit in arms. 

Twenty-Ninth Week — Model No. 6, {continued!). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Cut ends in roller to fit slit in arms. 

2. Drill all holes. 

Thirtieth Week — Model No. 6, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Screw together. 

2. Sandpaper. 

3. Stain. 

4. Varnish. 

The remainder of the time may be used for unfinished work, 
or for any extra work that the student may wish to do. 



12 



Seventh Grade 



First Week^ — Model No. i. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Plane stock square. 

2. Gauge width and thickness. 

Second Week — Model No. i, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Using knife line and di\dders, draw outHne of 

model. 

2. Scrape and finish same. Gouge tray. 

Third Week — Model No. i, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

Finish gouging model. 

Fourth Week — -Model No. i, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Scrape and sandpaper pen-tray. 

2. Finish pen-tray. 

Students at this time must decide on the model which 
they wish to make for the coming year, and as far as possible 
the student must make sketch of same. 

Fifth Week^ — Model No. 2. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Saw out stock. 

2. Plane working surface and edge on wood. 

Sixth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

I. Square and true all stock to dimensions. 



2. Nail three vertical uprights of holder together. 

3. Draw outline of model on same. 

4. Cut, using turning saw. 

5. Cut sides by same method. 

Seventh Week- — Model No. 2, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish outUne. 

2. Chamfer edges. Cut same, using back and 

turning saws. 

Eighth Week — Model No, 2, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Chamfer edges, using 

(a) Chisel. 

(6) Spokeshave. 

(c) File. 

2. Make covers for same. 

Ninth Week — Model No. 2, {continued). 

PR.\CTICE. 

Gouge out pen-tray. Cut hole in brush-brOom- 
holder. 

Tenth Week^ — ^ Model No. 2, {continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Bore holes for thimble and spool-holder. Cut 

pegs for same, or 

2. Cut outHne of brush-broom-holder, using 

(a) Saw. 
\b) Chisel. 
■ (c) File. 



;leventh Week- 

PRACTICE. 



Model No. 2, (continued). 



1. Finish all parts. 

2. Sandpaper same. 



Model No. 2, (continued). 



WELFTH Week 

PRACTICE. 

1. Glue together model. 

2. Stain and shellac same. 

hirteenth Week — Model No. 3. 
practice. 

Cut and square stock to dimensions. 

ourteenth Week — Model No. 3, (continued). 

THEORY. 

Use of Plow. No. 46 Plane. 



PRACTICE. 



1. Cut and dado edges. 

2. Miter comers, using miter box. 

Fifteenth Week^ — Model No. 3, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

I. Glue and paste together, using 

(a) Corrugated fasteners. 

(b) Miter clamps. 

Sixteenth Week — Model No. 3, continued). 

PRACTICE. 

Sandpaper and stain in mission. 

The remainder of the year may be used in constructing 
special models; i. e., tie- racks, clothes-driers, stationery-holders, 
tabourets, book-racks, etc. 



irst Week — Model No. i. 

THEORY (ten minutes). 



Talks on practical furniture construction. 
Design. 



Eighth Grade 

Second Week — Model No. i, (continued). 
THEORY (ten minutes). 

Talks on practical furniture construction. 
Size for strength. 



PRACTICE. 



1. Saw out stock to appro.ximate dimensions. 

2. Begin squaring stock true to dimensions. 



PRACTICE. 



1. Finish planing stock square and true to dimen- 

sions. 

2. Draw outHne of ends. Lay out mortises. 



14 



Third Week- — Model No. i, (continued). 
THEORY (ten minutes). 

Talks on practical furniture construction. 

(a) Wood used (best for staining). 

(b) Staining (application). 


Various methods of making glued joints. 

(a) Dowehng. 

(b) Tongue and grooving. 

(c) Rubbed joints. - 

(d) Thickness of layer of glue. 

PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 

1. Cut mortises in ends. 

2. Draw outline, lay out tenons for shelf, and cut. 

3. Make keys. 

Fourth Week — Model No. i, (continued). 
THT.ORY (ten minutes). 


1. Finish planing stock square and true to dimen- 

sions. 

2. Chamfer edges if necessary. Lay out and cut 

ends. 

3. Lay out and bore mortises and tenons. 

Seventh Week- — Model No. 2, (continued). 


Talks on practical furniture construction. 
Finishing, filling, wax, varnish. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper stock. 

2. Assemble the parts. 

3. Stain, fill, varnish. 


THEORY (ten minutes). 

Making out a lumber order. 
Terms used. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish cutting joints. 

2. Sandpaper model. 


Flfth Week- — Model No. 2. 


Eighth Week — Model No. 2, (continued). 


THEORY (ten minutes). 


THEORY (ten minutes). 


Talks on practical furniture construction. 
Special tools and machinery. 


Talk on cabinet design. 

PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 

1. Saw the stock for model. 

2. Begin planing stock square and true to dimen- 


1. Stain model. 

2. Fill 

3. Wax 


sions. 

Sixth Week — Model No. 2, (continued). 

THEORY (ten minutes). 

Talks on practical furniture construction. 


Ninth Week — Model No. 3. 

THEORY (ten minutes). 

Talk on building construction. 
Frame work. 



15 



PRACTICE. 

1. Saw stock for model. 

2. Begin planing stock square and true to dimen- 

sions. 

Tenth Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 
THEORY {ten minutes). 

Talk on building construction. 
Rafters and roof. 

PILACTICE. 

1. Finish planing stock square and true to dimen- 

sions. 

2. Lay out and cut mortise and tenon joints. 

Eleventh Week — Model No. 3, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Talk on building construction. 
(a) Boarding in. 
{b) Floor, timbers, etc. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish cutting joints. 

2. Lay out and cut curv^e. File same. 

Twelfth Week — Model No. 3, {continued.) 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Talk on building construction. 
Interior finish. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Sandpaper and scrape model. 

2. Bore holes for screws. 

3. Glue joints. 



Thirteenth Week — Model No. 3, {continued.) 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Talk on building construction. 
Lath and plaster. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Stain. 

2. Fill and varnish. 

Foxirteenth Week — Model No. 4. 
THEORY {ten minutes). 

Staining. 

(a) Kinds. 

(b) Application. 

PRACTICE. 

1. Saw stock for model. 

2. Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 

Fifteenth Week^ — Model No. 4, {continued). 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

FiUer. 

(a) Kinds. ' 

{b) Application. 

PR,4CTICE. 

1. Lay out and cut curves on sides. File same. 

2. Bore holes on sides for screws. 

Sixteenth Week — -Model No. 4, {continued^. 

THEORY {ten minutes). 

Shellac. 

{a) White. 
{b) Yellow. 



16 



PR.4CTICE. 


Twentieth WeeK' — Model No. 4, {continued}. 


1. Scrape and sandpaper stock. 

2. Screw together. 

Seventeenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 

Re\aew of previous questions. 

PRACTICE. 


THEORY (Jten minutes). 


I. Finish boring holes. 


Varnish. 


2. Scrape and sandpaper stock. 


(a) Kinds. 


3. Cut curves if necessary. 


ib) Uses. 




PRACTICE. 


Twenty-First Week ■ — Model No. 4, {continued). 


1. Stain. 

2. Fill. 

3. Varnish. 


PRACTICE. 

1. Stain model. 

2. Fill 


Eighteenth Week — Model No. 4, {continued). 


3. Shellac " 


THEORY {ten minutes). 


4. Wax 


Pumice. 

(a) How obtained. 


Twenty-Second Week — Model No. 5. 


{b) How used. 


PRACTICE. 


PRACTICE. 


I. Saw stock for model. 


I. Saw stock for model. 


2. Joint stock for doors and back. 


2. Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 




Nineteenth Week^ — Model No. 4, {continued). 


Twenty-Third Week — Model No. 5, {continued). 


THEORY {ten minutes). 

Rotten stone. 

(a) How obtained. 


PRACTICE. 

I. Plane stock square and true to dimensions. 


2. Curve edges where necessary. 


{b) How used. 

PRACTICE. 


Twenty-Fourth Week— Model No. 5, {continued). 


I. Lay out and cut mortise and tenons, where neces- 


PRACTICE. 


sary. 


I. Bore holes for screws. 


2. Bore holes for screws. 


2. Scrape and sandpaper stock. 



17 



Twenty-Fifth Week — Model No. 5, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Screw model together. 

2. Place hinges on door. 

Twenty-Sixth Week — Model No. 5, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

• I. Stain model. 
2. FUl 

Twenty-Seventh Week — Model No. 6. 
practice. 

1. Saw lumber for model. 

2. Plane, etc. 



Twenty-Eighth Week — Model No. 6, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish planing stock square and true to dimen- 

sions. 

2. Lay out and cut joints. 

Twenty-Ninth Week — Model No. 6, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Finish cutting joints. 

2. Lay out curves where necessary. 

3. Scrape and sandpaper. 

Thirtieth Week — Model No. 6, (continued). 

PRACTICE. 

1. Stain model. 

2. Fill 

3. SheUac " 

Extra models to be used in course: Model No. 7, smoker's cabi- 
net, two designs. 



18 



Manual Training in the Grades 



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